Ownership and funding in TV and Film

Non Disclosure agreement:
Also known as a confidentiality agreement is a legal contract between at least two parties that highlights confidential material, knowledge or information that the parties would like to share for some reason, and to restrict access from third parties. The agreement keeps the information confidential, A non disclosure agreement would often be signed by two companies when they need to understand each others business. Employees often sign non disclosure agreements with employers preventing the employees from giving away company owned information or material. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement

Code of Practice:
A code of practice is a set of guidelines and rules that are followed by members of some profession. These do not normally have the force of the law behind them. The code was made by an agreement between the BBC and ofcom due to clauses 5K.5, and 13C of the BBC agreement, the intention of thus code is to make sure that there is a thriving independent supply market. the code also shows that the BBC have a role to help and support independent production survey. 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/commissioning/tv/how-we-work/business-requirements/code-of-practice.shtml

Health and Safety at work:
The health and safety at work act was made in 1974, also referred to as the HSWA is the primary piece of  legalisation for health and safety in Britain. the main function of this is to maintain health and safety in the workplace. Because of this lots of things will have been changed in the workplace, and example of this would be having to use specified chairs for office workers to prevent back ache, and regular breaks in office jobs to prevent headaches from computer glare. 

http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm

Equality Act:

Made in 2010 this act legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace, and also in wider society. The introduction of this one act replaced all existing laws on discrimination, as before the act there were several different laws for discrimination,the sex discrimination act (1975), Race relations act (1976) and the disability discrimination act. The act sets out the different ways in which it is unlawful to treat someone. 

https://www.gov.uk/equality-act-2010-guidance

Employers Liability act:
The Employers liability act was made in 1969, and it's main function is to give an employer a minimum amount of insurance against employees if they believe that the employer should be sued if they have had any injuries or illnesses that may have been caused by the workplace that could be blamed on the employer. This act allows the employer to meet the amount of compensation but whereas if the accident would relate to a motoring then the cost would be down to their motoring insurance. There is another act like this that is virtually the same apart from the fact that this covers the public and other businesses, this is known as public liability insurance.  

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/hse40.pdf

Trade Union:

A trade union is an organisation that is usually full of members that are workers  or employees. Trade unions main functions are to negotiate pay and conditions, discuss changes, like redundancy, discussing concerns with employers. To join a trade union you can ask a union representative about joining. If the union rep allowed you to join you would have to fill in a membership form to complete. When in a union you would have to pay a membership subscription to pay for the union work. 

https://www.gov.uk/join-trade-union

Intellectual Property:

Intellectual property is where someone would get exclusivity over certain creations. This gives people exclusivity over things such as musical, literary and artistic work. The more common types of this are trademarks, industrial design rights and trade secrets. Intellectual Property was first grated legalised power in 1867 when the North German Federations constitution legalised power of Intellectual property. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property

Copyright:

Copyright is a legal concept, that is used by almost all governments. Copyright gives the creator of a certain piece work exclusive rights for the use, and distribution of their work, giving the creator of the work the chance to financially earn from their own work before other people can use it for their own use. An example of this would be a photographers picture that they would use for money, before allowing other people to use it. Copyright was first sought after following the invention of printing press as the thought of people copying books and selling them as their own was unfair for the original creator. 
Similar to trademarks copyrighting can lead to legal action if a product is used or copied without permission from the original creator. 
In some cases having the copyright symbol on company logo can help the company when it comes to profit and customers as it can make the company look more prestigious because of the money it costs to pay for services such as copyright and trade marks. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrigh

Trade Marks:

A trade mark is what you can use to distinguish your product from your competitors, preventing other companies from copying your branding and/or products. Common trade marked items would be logos, mottos and titles. The only way to register a trademark is by getting in contact with the Intellectual Property office. Other than protecting your products bigger companies such as Nike and Adidas use their logo as a marketing tool so that customers can recognise the brand.
Registering your products for a trade mark gives you several advantages such as: 
It will put other people off using your trademark without your permission.
It makes it much easier for you to take legal action against anyone who does use it without your permission. 
It allows Trading standards officers or the police to use criminal charges against counterfeiters that use your trademark. or licence it allowing other people to use it as you please. 
Trademarking means that it is your property, therefore allowing you to sell it to who you please. 

• http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm.htm

Job roles and working patterns

Job Roles:

Management

Production Managers run productions for  the Producer and the Line Producer. They help to determine the most efficient and economic way to schedule shoots,also to negotiate business deals for crews, locations and technical equipment, and make day-to-day production decisions. They have to be excellent communicators and prepared to work very long hours, and also be able to react calmly under intense pressure. The job is usually quite challenging but well paid, usually on a freelance basis. To gain a job in this sector you must have a lot of experience in the industry.  

Creative

Some examples of creative roles would be directors, script writes and casting directors. These jobs are mostly dedicated to making the film accurate and realistic for the audience, in horror films for example these people are very important as make-up managers would be included as a creative job roll. Directors work for very long intensive hours as they control lots of aspects of production and are involved in all of the film. There are several director roles in every production, there is the Film director, Assistant director and second assistant director.

Editorial

Editorial jobs in the television and media industries mostly include you having to edit and produce productions and publish content, these editorial jobs vastly range throughout industries as they are needed in jobs such as Newspapers, online news and many other productions. When in an editorial job you often work from offices and at home and are expected to wok to deadlines like technical jobs sometimes for journalists and other colleagues, you often co-operate with other groups of people, often research teams.

The average salary for somebody with an editorial job is around £25,000 and have entry requirements of a Higher National Diploma.

Technical

Some examples of technical roles in Television and films would be such jobs like sound editors, Foley sound editors, Camera men and really just any technical roles that require techniques as such. These roles would often require you to create products, like certain shots or sounds that would have to produce to the employers specifications, they would often be working on set of a production and co-operating with directors.

The wage for these kinds of jobs start around £23,000 and could go up to £40,000 with working hours typically 9-5 and could be more as deadlines are sometimes set so extra hours would be needed.

Research

Research job roles include Location, cast, audience and production research. These jobs often work along side other jobs in the same industry, an example of this would be people in financial jobs within the industry. Research would often be done in pre production.There are several different types of research that would be requested, quantitative and qualitative, and primary and secondary. People with these jobs would first work for minimal payment or for free before getting a full time job. Freelance and short term contracts are often used for payment. 

Financial

Jobs within this sector would include, accountants or financial management, the wages can vary depending on previous experience, they can go up to 38-45,000 pro rata. These jobs would work along side most of the other roles within the industry, for example some of these jobs would work along side organisational job roles. These roles would require you to constantly watch over the funding of the production, you would be payed per contract for a fixed rate and would have to work for a fixed time. 

Organisational

Directors are the head of all roles in the film industry.  They decide what happens in the film or programme. Sometimes they are assigned a script to follow but they can sometimes write their own which they can change freely. Directors are paid an annual sum of £70,000 on average. Some well known directors are, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott and Christopher Nolan. 

Producers are also in charge of a lot of job roles, as you can see in the image below. The producers and directors are often involved in most if not all of the jobs under them in the hierarchy. As directors such as Quentin Tarantino do, directors that are involved in every aspect of a production are known as auteurs. 

Admin

Administration roles include such jobs as Marketing managers. These jobs would include having to constantly monitoring the market for any trends, exploring ways of improving existing products and also identifying productions that have been successful. Jobs within this sector would regularly work with researchers on a regular basis, they would mostly work from an office or at home for on average 37 hours a week. The average salary for an administration job is £25-30,000. These jobs often require training, and the qualifications needed for these jobs are usually a higher national diploma, or a degree.

Working patterns:

Shift work

This is where someone would be given a select shift- time period to work in. These shifts are divided up into day, and night shifts. Some Jobs within the media industry that are based on shift work would be mostly administration jobs. Advantages to doing a shift job

 is that the employee behind the job will turn up at a set time and leave at a set time, making the job easy to control.

Fixed Term:

Fixed term working patterns are where an employee works to a specific contract that both starts and ends at a particular time. there are several special rules for being on a fixed term contract. The jobs that often would be on a fixed term contract would be research jobs, as film studios would often hire somebody to research for example the geo demographics of a specific films audience. The advantages of this are that as an employer you know exactly what you are going to get at the end of the term therefore making it a very safe way of collecting primary information. 

Office hours:

Office hours are the hours of which business would normally be conducted,9-5. jobs within the media that go on office hours would be Administration and research jobs, with specific roles being marketing design and direction and product improvement. With the marketing working in conjunction with the research team, working with focus groups and then improving the products marketing campaign.

Freelance:

A Freelancer doen't work from 9-5, as they can spend their own allotted time on a project. jobs within the media are not set hours and take a long time to complete,examples of these jobs would be editors. People on freelance will often be set a deadline for the completion date and will do the job in their own time for a set fee upon the jobs completion. 

Hourly rates:

The hourly rates depend on what job it is; an example of this would be that a cameraman gets payed £23.84 an hour, the minimum amount being £10.05 and the maximum amount £39.71. The hours you would normally do as a cameraman would alternate depending on the filming times and often work long shifts covering days and nights. 

Piece work:

piece work is when someone makes a piece of work and gets paid for it. this work takes as long as it takes to complete. An example of this would be set design. Piece work would often include signing a contract with a set deadline and payment with the employee working in their own time as long as they can just